Quiñónez, AL, Fuller, TK and Randhir, TO. (2018). A Review of Otter Distribution Modeling: Approach, Scale, and Metrics. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 35 (2): 97 - 127
APPENDIX A1 – VARIABLES USED FOR DIFFERENT OTTER SPECIES
Table A1 - Factors use for modeling Lutrogale perspicillata.
Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.
| Article/thesis name | Factors | Scale |
| Ali et al., 2010 | roads, population, vegetation, water body characteristics | regional |
Table A2 - Factors use for modeling Aonyx capensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Nel and Somers 2007 | land use, water body characteristics, water use, pollution, food resources, vegetation | country |
Table A3 - Factors use for modeling Lontra provocax.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Aued et al., 2003 | competition (mink), water body characteristics, elevation, vegetation, population, precipitation, roads | local |
| Sepúlveda et al., 2009 | Food resources, water body characteristics, vegetation, temperature, roads | country |
Table A4 - Factors use for modeling Pteronora brasiliensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| de Oliveira et al. 2015 | population, fishing nets, water body characteristics | regional |
Table A5 - Factors use for modeling Lontra canadensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species. Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Dubuc et al., 1990 | roads, population, vegetation, water body characteristics, river hierarchy, resource availability (beavers) | local |
| Bieber, 2016 | distance to the nearest otter release site (km), vegetation, water body characteristics, resource availability | local |
| Jeffress et al., 2011 | Local: vegetation, river hierarchy, water body characteristics, land use Landscape: land use, vegetation, river hierarchy, roads | regional |
| Bennett, 2014 | land use, vegetation, water body characteristics, competition (mink), resource available (beaver), other (ecosystem types and land uses) | regional |
Table A6 - Factors use for modeling Enhydra lutris.
Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Williams et al., 2017 | water body characteristics | regional |
Table A7 - Factors use for modeling Lutra lutra.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species. Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Thom et al., 1998 | vegetation and food resources (no relationship found) | local |
| Park et al., 2002 | water body characteristics, vegetation, road, tourism | local |
| Ottino et al., 1995 | vegetation, water body characteristics, disturbance | regional |
| Loy et al., 2009 | population, elevation, vegetation | regional |
| Cianfrani et al., 2010 | vegetation, land use, population, elevation, water body characteristics, food resources |
regional |
| Carone et al., 2014 | vegetation, elevation | regional |
| Kemenes and Demeter 1995 | land use, other possible factors (variable, e.g. pollution, dry section in water body), water body characteristics, vegetation | country |
| Barbosa et al., 2001 | longitude, soil permeability, air humidity, roads, latitude, precipitation, insolation, solar radiation, evapotranspiration, run-off, bioclimatic belts, temperature, phytogeographic sectors, population, tourism, land use, vegetation | country |
| Barbosa et al., 2003 | run-off, soil permeability, latitude and longitude, elevation, precipitation, insolation, solar radiation, frost days, evaporation, temperature, air humidity, population, roads | country |
| Marcelli and Fusillo, 2009 | population, land use, roads, river hierarchy, elevation |
country |
| Ottaviani et al., 2009 | roads, vegetation, elevation, water body characteristics | country |
| Cianfrani et al., 2013 | bioclimatic model: temperature, precipitation regional environmental model: land use, elevation, population, vegetation |
country |
| Cianfrani et al., 2011 | Roads, population, precipitation, river hierarchy, land use, vegetation, water body characteristics, elevation | continental |
Table A8 - Factors use for modeling Lontra longicaudis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species. Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.
| Article/Thesis Author | Factors | Scale |
| Gori et al., 2003 | vegetation, water body characteristics, resource availability | local |
| Santiago-Plata, 2013 | species distribution model: land use, roads, population, river hierarchy, elevation, precipitation and temperature. Occupancy model: Local variables: vegetation, water body characteristics, elevation, human (impacts) landscape variables: vegetation, land use, roads, river hierarchy |
local |
| Gomez et al., 2014 | elevation, water body characteristics, population, polder cover (%), boat traffic, vegetation, land use, contaminants | local |
| Cruz et al., 2017 | water body characteristics, vegetation | local |
| Cirelli and Sánchez-Cordero, 2009 | vegetation, elevation, precipitation, temperature | regional |
| Lopes Rheingantz et al., 2014 | precipitation, temperature, elevation, population, vegetation, water body characteristics | geographic extent |
Appendix A1 – Variables used for different otter species
Appendix A2 - Advantages and disadvantages of modeling approaches